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The study of Roman frontiers has been a pivotal subject of the academic hub at Pécs for long decades. Its researchers were pioneers of Hungarian aerial archaeology (Aerial Archaeological Archive of Pécs), and have been conducting archaeological excavations and complex non-invasive surveys throughout the Ripa Pannonica. Associate researchers provided the scientific background for the UNESCO World Heritage Nomination of the Hungarian section of the Danube Limes. The Archaeology Department at the University of Pécs has been a prominent agent of Roman provincial archaeology in Hungarian higher education. This volume is a continuation of the work long begun. We strive to promote Roman frontier studies by organizing workshops, hosting public venues and providing channels to publish recent findings concerning the limes. This publication, available both as a hardcover book and a digital issue, offers insight into exciting and valuable research novities previously unpublished. In the future we aim to continue this tradition and regularly publish recent research results on the Roman limes. We also aspire to complement traditional publications with flexible and up-to-date online data collection. The Frontiers of the Roman Empire is a unique academic subject. It is a vast historic complex encompassing a multitude of monuments and sites of varying complexities and features, over different social and geological landscapes spanning three continents and more than five centuries. This …
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It is a truism that the law lags behind technology. The British Statute of Anne enacted in 1710, considered to be the world’s first legislation to grant copyright under public law, appeared over 250 years after Gutenberg introduced the movable type printing press. By that reckoning, data protection law has reacted with nimble vigour to the digitalisation of society and the economy. The EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (‘GDPR’) must be viewed in the context of the worldwide trend to adopt similar laws, a trend inspired by the EU itself. On the adoption of the GDPR’s predecessor, Directive 95/46/EC, around 30 countries had similar rules, and the bulk of these were within Western Europe; now there are almost 130, across all continents. The EU remains, however, wholly unique in one sense—it is the only jurisdiction whose own constitution, in the form of Article 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Article 16 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, obliges the adoption of comprehensive rules for the protection of personal data. The GDPR is indeed comprehensive: its material and territorial scope matches the depth and breadth of digital technologies’ encroachment (welcome or not) into our lives; updated or brand new rights and obligations with regards to profiling, automated decision-making, portability, erasure and other areas take aim at standard practices which potentially harm the individual; and the powers of independent …
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Editor: Jozsef, Benke | Title: The Fundamentals of Hungarian Private Law | Publisher: University of Pécs, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Department of Private Law, Pécs, 2020 | ISBN 978-963-429-484-9 (pdf) | ISBN 978-963-429-485-6 (epub) --- Although the process of the Hungarian private law codification has a long duration and it was also rich quantitatively and qualitatively as well, the successful outcomes of this long lasting proceeding are represented by our former Civil Code of 1959 (this Hungarian Civil Code abbreviated as HCC or former or 1959 HCC) and our Civil Code in effect of 2013 (abbreviated as new HCC or NHCC or 2013 HCC). Many results of the codification attempts remained, namely, voluntary sources of law, since these were used in the judicial practice, albeit could not come into force legally. The first meaningful and comprehensive effort of Private Law codification in our country, which has a more than 1100 years old statehood, was the so-called Tripartitum opus juris consuetudinarii inclyti regni Hungariae often called simply as Tripartitum. This opus contained the systematised conglomerate mainly of the Hungarian nobility (or aristocratic) feudal customary private law. It was elaborated by István Werbőczy in 1514 under the reign of Vladislaus II of Hungary (1490–1516). The Tripartitum had got the royal assent but it had never been promulgated as law, therefore courts could only have been using it as a de facto source of law. The key …
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Who we are is shaped in part by where we are. Human interactions with each other and the environment are rooted in geographical understandings, as well as the opportunities and constraints of geographical circumstance. Geographical approaches and techniques offer critical insights into everything from local land-use decisions to international conflict. Tourism is widely recognised as the world’s largest industry. The figures on the size and significance of tourism are staggering. For example, according to the World Tourism Organisation (WTO 1996), in 1995 world tourist arrivals reached 567 million with estimated international tourism receipts of US$60 billion. By 2000 world tourism arrivals were estimated to have reached 698.3 million with receipts from international tourism climbed to US$476 billion (WTO 2001). Although international arrivals for 2003 were estimated to have fallen by 1.2 per cent in 2003 to 694 million, some 8.5 million less than in 2002 and the biggest drop ever in international tourism arrivals, a substantial rebound was expected in 2004 (WTO 2004a, 2004b). However, tourism, tourists and their impacts are clearly not evenly distributed. Substantial differentiation occurs at a variety of international, regional and local scales. For example, with respect to 2003 (WTO 2004a): There was zero international tourism growth in Europe. International arrivals in Western Europe showed a fall of 3.7 million (-3 per cent) although growth continued in Eastern …
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The Translators of the Bible wish Grace, Mercy, and Peace, through JESUS CHRIST our Lord.
REAT and manifold were the blessings, most dread Sovereign, which Almighty God, the Fatlier of all mercies, bestowed upon us the people of England, wlien first he sent Your Majesty's Boyal Person to rule and reign over us. For wliereas it was tiie expectation of many, wlio wished not well unto our Sión, tliat upon the setting of that bright Occidental Slar, Queen Elizábeth of most liappy memory, sorae thick and palpahle clouds of darkness would so have overshadowed tliis Land, that men should have been in doubt which vvay they were to walk; and that it should liardly be known, who was to direct the unsettled State; the appearance of Your Majesty, as of the Sun in his strength, instantly dispelled those supposed and surmised mists, and gave unto all that were well affected exceeding cause of comfort; especially when we beheld the Goverunient established in Your Highness, and Your liope-ful Seed, by an undoubted Title, and this alsó accompanied with peace and tranquillity at home and abroad.
But araong all our joys, there was no one that more fiiled our liearts, than the blesaed continuance of the preaching of God's sacred Word among us; which is that inestimable treasure, which excelleth all the riches of the earth; because the fruit thereof extendeth itself, not only to the time spent in this transitory world, but directeth and disposeth men unto that eternal happiness which is …
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The law of international watercourses with special reference to the Danube catchment area
- Bruhács János
- 1998
These statements can mean that the approach of the legal positivism js insufficient to expound of the legislation and the enforcement of legal rules relating to the utilization and protection of fresh-water resources, both in national framework and international level. On the contrary an adequat legislation and water management has to be based on the Ians of hydrological cycle on the one hand and it is necessary the economical and social backgrounds on the other. The
second message of the European Water Charter is that with regard to the international catchment areas the international law as means of international cooperation and that of the settlements of disputes can't be neglected. This latter aspect will be our subject. The law of international watercourses has a modest subchapter in the manuels of international law, approximately 1 % of the total size of the printed book which an important part is dealing with the notion of international watercourse. In the works on international environmental law the shar e of the law of international watercourses don't reach the 10 %. In contrast with the general attitude of juristic works, the expansive abundance of monographs and articles dealing with the special subject of the law of international watercourses can be revealed, according to the great number of international treaties and agreements in force as well as that of international disputes in this field. Behind the general interest of juristic works the veritable question …
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Many people contributed to the preparation of this book. The board of trustees of the Margaret Woodbury Strong Museum and its two directors, Holman J. Swinney and William T. Alderson, have been committed from the outset to informing the public of the breadth and depth of United States history in the nineteenth century. Their continuing support in the preparation of this book cannot be overstated. Mary-Ellen Earl Perry, curator of fine arts at the Strong Museum, provided nearly all of the research for chapters one, four, and six. She also located and assembled most of the artifactual materials illustrated in the book. Always cooperative, she carefully and diplomatically prevented me from pushing the evidence too far and kept my analyses closer to the things that real people used. Many of her own family members, themselves products of the late Victorian era, contributed both information and support. The late Prudence Jamouneau and Mrs. Perry’s parents, Sylvia A. and the late John H. Earl, were instrumental in her continued interest in the period. Most especially, Mrs. Perry wishes to thank her husband, Harold E. Perry, who never completely shared her enthusiasm for the late nineteenth century, but who appreciated hers and gave unfailing support even as he endured the subject morning, noon, and night for the years this project was under way. Many people shared valuable information from their family records and reminiscences. Mary DeMund, Ruth B. Earl, Betty A. Lewis, …
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The Main Questions of Hungarian International Civil Producer Law after the Codification
- Farkas József
- 1986
The law-decree Nn. 13/1979 on private international law came inte force on July 1st, 1979. By this event Hungarian private international law became codified law. Our earlier private international law - with respect to the inner source of law - had been built up mostly on doctrines of customary law, whereas the codification did not touch upon the other great group of the sources of private international law, i. e. the international conventions. Rules of international civil procedure had also
been contained by written sources of law besides doctrines of customary law. An excellent attempt had already been made at the codification of Hungarian private international law earlier, by István Szászy1 in 1947. This draft dealt with the more important general questions of private international law as well, as with the definition of the conflicts rules and it was furnished with detailed comments, too. „It was a draft made with excellent scientific erudition on grand theoretical
bases”. The situation in the inner - and mostly - in the foreign politics at that time was not advantageous for the codification of private international law. Its objective necessity emerged only in the mid-sixties and later - after the economic reform
and with the formation of international relations of new types - at the turn of the sixties and the seventies. Hungary - a country with an extraordinarily open economy where 50% -of the GNP is realized in foreign trade and with an increasing
role in …
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Since the publication of The Practice of English Language Teaching in 1983 much has happened in the world of language teaching: new concerns have occupied the minds of methodologists and applied linguists; new textbooks have been written; new techniques have become fashionable. We must be grateful for all this flux and change since without it teaching would be a grey and ultimately depressing experience. But of course it isn’t (except sometimes!). It’s a constantly interesting and exciting occupation and the new discoveries and insights that we come across or which are put before us make it more challenging and keep us on our toes where otherwise we might become stifled by the routine of it all. With all these things going on it became clear that a new edition of The Practice of English Language Teaching was necessary. In the first place the textbook examples in the first edition were quite simply out of date. A new generation of materials is in use and this needs to be reflected in the book. Then there is the issue of methodology. In the last few years we have seen an awakening of interest in task-based learning, self-directed learning, learner training, and discovery techniques to name but a few of the many concerns that have excited us all. There has also been a renaissance of interest in vocabulary and vocabulary teaching. These, then are some of the considerations which have prompted this new edition. Readers who are familiar with the original will find here a …
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After the 1949 Constitution, conceptions about self-governments had been superseded from the literature on local and territorial administration. It is interesting historically, though, that the third Act on Councils determined the nature of councils and their organisations as representative self-governmental and administrative bodies. Declaration of this was enough for the legislator and he did not detail it farther. Contemporary literature associated selfgovernmental features primarily with the different ways of developing autonomy. Preparations for the change of regime awoke interest in local governments. As a result the elaboration of the institutions of local governments, which were to replace the council system, was started. However, it soon became clear, that with the accelerating changes and ensuing political preparations, professional works for establishing local administrative structures could not always keep pace. These arrears must have had a role in the occurring inconsistencies in the 1990 legal regulation, which has fundamental significance. This may also be the reason that the Parliament has repeatedly amended the act on local governments. Authors dealing with the origins and development of self-governing often go back to the administration of city-states and the feudal (nobiliary) local governments, as origins. The direct antecedents of the present local governments operating in territorial and settlemental units,
however, developed from the forming civil …
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This collection of articles was prepared in honour of the 30th anniversary of the foundation of the Faculty of Business and Economics in Pécs. 30 years is a short period in the history of the University of Pécs starting in 1367 but very significant in the history of the transition of the Hungarian society and economy. With the so-called "new economic trend" the dismounting of the autocracy of the socialist command economy in Hungary began in 1968. The second centre of education of economists started its work in this favourable atmosphere. As a result of the work of the "founding fathers" the new school soon achieved countrywide recognition in the 70s and in the 80s as a venue of reform education, where students obtained utilisable practical knowledge and could rapidly achieve managerial positions after finishing school.
Real change in research and education started only at the turning point of the 80s and 90s. The Faculty stood more and more committed towards business education and at the same time did not sacrifice its involvement in teaching the
theoretical foundations of modern economics. The special "Pécs-model" was born this way. The past years demanded a lot of foregoing and dedication both from lecturers and students. This time let me speak about the teachers. The task was
to learn new ideas, develop new competencies, learn foreign languages. One of the results of these efforts is the capability that allowed the realisation of this book, written by the teachers …
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Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure, and/or business purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people “travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes” Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. Tourism is different from travel. In order for tourism to happen, there must be a displacement:
an individual has to travel, using any means of transportation (even travelling on foot). But all travel is not tourism. Three criteria are used simultaneously in order to characterize a trip as belonging to tourism. The displacement must be such that: - It involves a displacement outside the usual environment; - Type of purpose: the travel must occur for any purpose different from being remunerated from within the place visited: the previous limits, where tourism was restricted to recreation and visiting family and friends are now expanded to include a vast array of purposes; - Duration: only a maximal duration is mentioned, not a minimal. Tourism displacement can be with or without an overnight stay. Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity and it has been given many names in
recent decades: including “industry …
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