Major legal systems in the world today corvina logo

Szerző: David, René
További szerző: Brierley, John E. C.
Cím: Major legal systems in the world today
Alcím: An introduction to the comparative study of law
Megjelenési adatok: Stevens & Sons, London, 1985. | ISBN: 0-420-47350-5
Megjegyzés: Third Edition

coverimage The publication in English of my book on the major systems of contemporary law gives me great pleasure—and for a reason I do not hesitate to state here. I am convinced that it is absolutely essential at the present time to develop comparative legal studies, and I believe that this book, such as it has been conceived, provides the necessary basis for a study of comparative law. I wish to thank Professor C. M. Schmitthoff, on whose initiative the publishers first became interested in the English-language publication of the work. I would also especially like to thank Professor John E. C. Brier-ley, who was kind enough to undertake the translation and adaptation. To do so it would not have sufficed, as the uninitiated might think, to be thoroughly conversant with English and French. It was also necessary to be a comparatist and to understand the many legal terms peculiar to the different systems studied. Few people could have translated what I have written with as much understanding as Professor Brierley has. To show my appreciation of the very considerable and intricate work that he has carried out, it seemed to me only just that this work appear under our two names—although this alone cannot repay my debt of gratitude. This is a translation and adaptation of Professor Rene David's Les Grands systemes de droit contemporains which was originally based on the second French edition of 1966, published by Librairie Dalloz in the series known as Precis Dalloz. It has been revised largely in the light of changes made by Professor David and Professor Camille Jauffret-Spinosi in the eighth French edition of 1982. The adaptation to an English readership has involved certain changes in the text itself as well as alterations and additions to the notes and bibliography.
Kategóriák: Jogtudomány
Tárgyszavak: Jogrendszer
Formátum: OCR szöveg
Típus: könyv

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Tartalomjegyzék

Cover page
Front page
[4]
Impress
[5]
Preface to the First English Edition
v
   Note to the Third English Edition
v
Table of Contents
vii-xii
List of Abbreviations
xiii-xvi
Introduction
1-31
                  1. Outline
1
         Section I—Comparative Law
1-17
                  2. Development of comparative law
1-3
                  3. Beginnings of comparative law—its importance now
3-4
                  4. Legal history, legal philosophy, general legal theory
4-6
                  5. Understanding and improving national law
6-8
                  6. International understanding: international law
8-10
                  7. Private international law
10
                  8. International unification of law
10-11
                  9. Role of comparatists
11-13
                  10. Comparative law and sociology of law
13-14
                  11. Sources of law
14-15
                  12. Structure of law
15-16
                  13. Conclusion
16-17
         Section II—The Idea of a Family of Laws
17-21
                  14. Diversity of contemporary laws
17-18
                  15. Variable and constant elements in law
18-20
                  16. Criterion for the classification of laws into families
20-21
         Section III—Legal Families in the World Today
22-31
                  17. Outline
22
                  18. Romano-Germanic family
22-24
                  19. Common law family
24-25
                  20. Relations between these two families
25-26
                  21. Family of socialist laws
26-27
                  22. Other systems
27-28
                  23. Muslim, Hindu, and Jewish laws
28-29
                  24. Far East
29-30
                  25. Black Africa and Malagasy Republic
30-31
PART ONE - THE ROMANO-GERMANIC FAMILY
33-154
                  26. Characteristics of this family
33-34
   TITLE I - Historical Formation of the System
35-79
                  27. Outline
35
      Chapter I - Customary Law Period
36-61
                  28. Reign of Roman law: its decline
36-38
                  29. Renaissance of the idea of law
39-40
         Section I—Ius Commune of the Universities
40-49
                  30. The law as a model of social organisation
40-42
                  31. Prestige of Roman law
42
                  32. Teaching of national laws
43
                  33. The usus modernus pandectarum
43-45
                  34. Ius commune and common law
45-46
                  35. Law and reason: the natural law school
46-49
         Section II—National or Regional Laws
49-61
                  36. Return to the idea of law
49-50
                  37. Possible future developments
50-51
                  38. Revival of Roman law studies and its reception
51-52
                  39. Necessary evolution of custom
53-54
                  40. Means of expansion of the continental Roman Common law
54-56
                  41. Official and private compilations
56-57
                  42. French parlements
57-58
                  43. The Deutsches Privatrecht
58-60
                  44. Latin countries
60-61
                  45. Legislation
61
      Chapter II - The Period of Legislative Law
63-74
                  46. Growth of public law
63
                  47. Codification
63-65
                  48. Merits of codification
65
                  49. Regrettable consequences of codification
65-
                  50. Legislative positivism and legal nationalism
66-67
                  51. New tendencies
67-69
                  52. Continual change of the system
69-70
                  53. Historically transient factors of diversity
70-71
                  54. "Latin" and "Germanic" laws
71-72
                  55. The secession of the socialist laws
72-74
      Chapter III - Expansion Beyond Europe
75-79
                  56. The new world
75-76
                  57. Africa and Malagasy (Madagascar)
76-77
                  58. Asia and Indonesia
77-79
   TITLE II - Structure of the Law
80-101
                  59. Outline
80
      Chapter I - Divisions and Concepts
81-93
                  60. Public law and private law
81-83
                  61. Weakness of public law
83-84
                  62. Different branches of law
84-
                  63. Private law
85-86
                  64. Law of obligations
86-87
                  65. Public law
87-89
                  66. Originality of certain concepts
89-90
                  67. Unification of civil and commercial law
90-91
                  68. The "general part" of the civil law
91-93
      Chapter II - Concept of the Legal Rule
94-101
                  69. Unity of the system
94
                  70. Formulation of the legal rule
95-96
                  71. Optimum generality of the rule
96-97
                  72. Legal interpretation and the technique of "distinguishing"
97-98
                  73. Predictability and certainty of the law
98-100
                  74. Real importance of secondary rules
100-101
   TITLE III - Sources of Law
102-154
                  75. Difficulties of the subject
102
                  76. Theory and reality
102-103
                  77. Persistence of the tradition
103-105
                  78. Technique and policy of decided cases
105-106
                  79. Unity of western law
106-107
      Chapter I - Legislation
108-129
                  80. Present primacy of legislation
108-
                  81. Constitutional rules
108-111
                  82. Treaties
111
                  83. Codes
111-113
                  84. Codes and statutes
113-114
                  85. Regulations and decrees
114-116
                  86. Administrative directives
116-117
                  87. Legislative style
117
                  88. Interpretation of legislation
117-118
                  89. Facts and their appreciation
118-119
                  90. New textual meaning
119
                  91. French approach
120-121
                  92. German approach
121-122
                  93. Nordic countries
123-124
                  94. Critical assessment
124-125
                  95. Common principles of interpretation
125-128
                  96. Conclusion
128-129
      Chapter II - Custom
130-132
                  97. The idea of custom
130-131
                  98. The practical role of custom
131-132
      Chapter III - Decided Cases
133-146
                  99. Criterion for evaluating the role of decided cases
133-134
                  100. Obedience of judges to statute law
134-135
                  101. Significance of judicial precedents
136-137
                  102. Organisation of the courts
137-139
                  103. Judges
139-141
                  104. Reports of judicial decisions
141
                  105. Style of judicial decisions
141-142
                  106. Dissenting judicial opinions
142-143
                  107. Uniformity of judicial decisions
143-144
                  108. Binding precedents
144-145
                  109. Administrative practice
146
      Chapter IV - Legal Writing
147-149
                  110. Fundamental importance of "doctrine"
147-148
                  111. French and German law
148-149
                  112. Latin countries
149
      Chapter V - Super-eminent Principles
150-154
                  113. General principles of legislation
150-152
                  114. Super-eminent principles not provided for by legislation
152-154
PART TWO - SOCIALIST LAWS
155-306
                  115. Originality of socialist laws
155-157
                  116. Geographical area
157-158
   TITLE I - Historical Evolution
159-224
                  117. Outline
159
      Chapter I - The Legal Tradition
160-168
                  118. Importance of subject
160
         Section I—Russian Law before 1917
160-166
                  119. The Russia of Kiev: Russkaia Pravda and Byzantine law
160-161
                  120. The Mongol domination
161-162
                  121. The code of 1649
162-163
                  122. Peter the Great and his successors
163
                  123. The Svod Zakonov (1832)
163-164
                  124. Russian law in the Romano-Germanic family
164
                  125. Weakness of the Russian legal tradition
165-166
         Section II—Other Socialist Countries
166-168
                  126. General characteristics
166-167
                  127. Countries of western tradition
167
                  128. The Balkan states
167-168
                  129. Conclusion
168
      Chapter II - Marxism-Leninism
169-180
                  130. Marxism: basic doctrine of Soviet society
169-170
                  131. Evolution and progress: historical materialism
170-171
                  132. Infrastructure and superstructure
171-172
                  133. Marxist concept of state and law
172-173
                  134. Prediction of a society without law
173-175
                  135. The Marxist doctrine of action
175
                  136. Marxism-Leninism
175-176
                  137. The importance of Marxism-Leninism
176-178
                  138. Relations between Soviet and foreign jurists
178-180
      Chapter III - The New Order
181-224
                  139. Soviet Union and other countries
181
         Section I—Soviet Law Since 1917
181-196
                  140. The Bolshevik revolution
181-183
            § 1. From Bourgeois to Socialist State
183-188
                  141. Period of revolutionary communism, 1917-1921
183-184
                  142. New Economic Policy (N.E.P.), 1921-1928
184-185
                  143. Return to legality
185-186
                  144. Abandonment of the N.E.P.
186
                  145. Total collectivisation of the economy
186-187
                  146. Maintenance of the law
188
            § 2. From Socialist State to Communist Society
188-196
                  147. Prolongation of the socialist state
188
                  148. Obstacles to the realisation of communism
189-191
                  149. The three tasks of Soviet law
191
                  150. Economic power: organisation of production
191-193
                  151. The re-education of man
194-195
                  152. Interest of Soviet law for non-socialist countries
195-196
         Section II—Other Socialist Countries
196-208
                  153. General characteristics
196-197
                  154. Respect for law
197-198
                  155. Survival of former law
198-199
                  156. Renewal of the law
199-200
                  157. Collectivisation
200-202
                  158. Planning
202
                  159. Yugoslav criticism of the Stalinist policy
202-204
                  160. Yugoslav constitutions
204-205
                  161. Self-management of enterprises
205-206
                  162. Withering away of the state
206
                  163. Influence of Yugoslav revisionism
206-207
                  164. Cohesion of the Marxist-Leninist countries
207-208
         Section III—The Principle of Socialist Legality
208-224
                  165. Position of the problem
208-209
            § 1. Meaning of the Principle
209-215
                  166. Existence of a socialist law
209
                  167. Meaning of the word "socialist"
209-210
                  168. Affirmation of the principle of socialist legality
210-211
                  169. State enterprises
211
                  170. Imperative nature of Soviet law
212-213
                  171. Socialist laws and natural law
213-214
                  172. The provisional character of socialist law
214-215
            § 2. Guarantees of the Principle
215-224
                  173. Soviet conception of the problem
215-216
                  174. The Prokuratura
216-217
                  175. The role of general supervision
217-219
                  176. The role of collaboration with the courts
219-220
                  177. Other socialist countries
220-221
                  178. People's Control Commission
221
                  179. Advocates: the Advokatura in the U.S.S.R.
221-224
                  180. Other socialist countries
224
   TITLE II - Sources of Socialist Law
225-280
                  181. Introduction
225-
      Chapter I - Legislation
226-243
                  182. Pre-eminence of legislation
226
         Section I—The Soviet Union
226-240
                  183. Rejection of the separation of powers
226-228
                  184. Application of the principle
228-230
                  185. Soviet federalism
230-231
                  186. Fundamental principles of law and recent codes
231-232
                  187. Ordinances of the Praesidium
232
                  188. Other types of regulation
232-233
                  189. Role of government administration in Soviet economy
233-234
                  190. Regulations and departmental instructions
234
                  191. Administrative acts and contracts
235
                  192. Difficulties of documentation
235-236
                  193. Interpretation and application of the law
237-239
                  194. Authentic interpretation of the law
239-240
         Section II—Other Socialist Countries
240-243
                  195. Place of legislation
240-241
                  196. Codification
241-242
                  197. Interpretation of legislation
242-243
                  198. Publicity of the law
243
      Chapter II - Decided Cases
243-273
         Section I—The Soviet Union
244-266
                  199. The Soviet concept
244
            § 1. Judicial Organisation
244-251
                  200. The hierarchy of courts
244-245
                  201. Judicial personnel
245
                  202. System for the election of judges
246-247
                  203. The collegial principle
247
                  204. The people's assessors
247-248
                  205. Special courts
248-249
                  206. Remedies against judgments
249-250
                  207. Multiplicity of judicial levels
250-251
                  208. The role of the U.S.S.R. Supreme Court
250-251
            § 2. Extra-Judicial Contentious Procedures
251-261
                  209. Importance of extra-judicial contentious procedures
251-252
               A.-Arbitration
252-258
                  210. Various forms of arbitration
252
                  211. Public arbitration
252-253
                  212. Practical necessity of this institution
253-254
                  213. Different types of public arbitration
254
                  214. State arbitration
254-255
                  215. Departmental arbitration
255
                  216. Arbitration commissions
255-256
                  217. Consultations and directives
256
                  218. The extent of public arbitration
256-257
                  219. Private arbitration
257
                  220. International commercial arbitration
257-258
               B.-Appeals to People's Organisations
259-261
                  221. Reason for these procedures
259-260
                  222. Comrades' courts and community meetings
260-261
            § 3. Role of Judicial Decisions
261-266
                  223. Soviet concept
261-262
                  224. Supremacy of enacted law
262-264
                  225. Real importance of decided cases
264-265
                  226. Educational role of decided cases
265-266
         Section II—Other Socialist Countries
266-273
                  227. Comparison with U.S.S.R.
266-267
                  228. Hierarchy of courts
267-268
                  229. Public arbitration
268-270
                  230. Election of judges
270
                  231. People's assessors
270-271
                  232. System of remedies
271-272
                  233. Role of decided cases
272-273
      Chapter III - Custom and Rules of Socialist Community Life
274-276
                  234. Custom
274-275
                  235. The rules of socialist community life
275-276
      Chapter IV - Doctrinal Writing
277-280
                  236. Marxism-Leninism
277
                  237. Doctrinal writing properly speaking
277-279
                  238. Other socialist countries
279-280
   TITLE III - Structure of the Law
281-306
                  239. Originality of socialist laws
281
      Chapter I - Divisions of Socialist Law
282-289
                  240. Formal resemblance to bourgeois laws
282
                  241. Constitutional law
282-283
                  242. Other branches of law
283-284
                  243. Private law
284
                  244. Administrative law
285-286
                  245. Rejection of the public law—private law distinction
286-287
                  246. Mandatory character of law
287-288
                  247. Search for new systematics
288-289
      Chapter II - Socialist Legal Concepts
290-306
                  248. Domination of Marxist doctrine
290-
         Section I—Ownership
290-295
                  249. Bourgeois and socialist concepts
290-291
                  250. Difficulties of comparison
291-292
                  251. Personal ownership
292-293
                  252. Collective ownership
293-294
                  253. State ownership
294-295
         Section II—Contracts
296-303
                  254. Different function of contract: economic contracts
296-297
                  255. Socialist economic planning and capitalist financial direction
297
                  256. Planned and unplanned contracts
297-298
                  257. The legally imposed contract
298-299
                  258. The economically necessary contract
299-300
                  259. Role of contract
300-301
                  260. Formation of contracts
301
                  261. Performance of contracts
301-302
                  262. Conclusion
303
         Section III—Most-Favoured Nation Clause
303-306
                  263. New aspect of the question
303-304
                  264. Meaning of the clause in a socialist economy
304-306
                  265. Possible solutions
306
PART THREE - THE COMMON LAW
307-452
                  266. Basic importance of English law
307
   TITLE I - English Law
308-396
                  267. Geographical area
308
      Chapter I - History of English Law
309-332
                  268. Historical character of English law
309-310
         Section I—Anglo-Saxon Period
310-311
                  269. Germanic laws
310-311
         Section II—Formation of the Common Law (1066-1485)
311-323
                  270. Norman conquest (1066)
311
                  271. Feudalism in England
311-312
                  272. Definition of common law
312-313
                  273. Jurisdiction of royal courts
313-314
                  274. Extension of royal jurisdiction
314-315
                  275. Writs
315-316
                  276. "Remedies precede rights"
316-317
                  277. Contemporary interest of this history
317
                  278. Emphasis upon procedure
317-318
                  279. Example drawn from law of contract
318-320
                  280. Categories and concepts of English law
320-321
                  281. Wasting away of private law
321
                  282. Substantive law: reception of Roman law impossible
321-323
         Section III—Growth of Equity (1485-1832)
324-330
                  283. Need for reform of common law
324
                  284. Appeal to royal authority
324-325
                  285. Equity under the Tudors
325-326
                  286. Compromise between common law and equity (1616)
326-328
                  287. Dual structure of English law
328
                  288. Absorption of the ley merchant by the Common law
328-329
                  289. Legal writing and law reports
329-330
         Section IV—Modern Period
330-332
                  290. 19th century reforms
330-331
                  291. Twentieth century: common law in the welfare state
331-332
      Chapter II - Structure of English Law
333-365
                  292. Importance of legal structure
333-334
                  293. Categories and concepts
334-335
                  294. The legal rule
335
         Section I—Legal Divisions and Concepts
335-358
                  295. Importance of legal categories
335-336
                  296. Originality of categories and concepts of English law
336-337
                  297. Historical explanation of English legal structure
337-338
                  298. Role of the universities
338-339
               § 1. Common Law and Equity
339-347
                  299. A fundamental distinction
339-340
                  300. Origin of equity
340
                  301. "Equity follows the law"
340-341
                  302. Applications of equity
341-343
                  303. "Equity acts in personam"
343
                  304. Discretionary character of equitable remedies
343
                  305. Procedure in chancery
344
                  306. Common law and equity
344-345
                  307. The Judicature Acts, 1873-1875
345
                  308. Equity since 1875
345-347
               § 2. Trusts
347-352
                  309. The trust mechanism
347-348
                  310. Analysis of trust
348-350
                  311. Legal nature of the rights of cestui
350
                  312. Romanist concept of ownership
350-351
                  313. English concept of estates
351
                  314. Joint tenancy and tenancy in common
351-352
               § 3. Importance of Adjective Law
352-358
                  315. Tendencies of Romanist jurists
352-353
                  316. Different character of English law
353-354
                  317. Present English procedure
354-355
                  318. Attitude of English jurists
355-357
                  319. Justice and administration
357-358
         Section II—Concept of the Legal Rule
358-365
                  320. Concept of judge-made legal rule
358-359
                  321. Examples
359-360
                  322. "Open" and "closed" systems
360-361
                  323. Abnormal character of legislative rules
361-362
                  324. "Inflation" of law
362-364
                  325. "Imperative" law and "suppletive" rules
364-365
      Chapter III - Sources of English Law
366-396
                  326. Justification of the analysis
366
            Section I—Decisions of the Courts
367-382
               § 1. English Judicial Organisation
367-376
                  327. Classes of courts
367
                  328. Superior courts: the Supreme Court of Judicature
367-369
                  329. The House of Lords
369-370
                  330. Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
370
                  331. Lower courts
370-372
                  332. "Quasi-judicial" disputes
372-373
                  333. Judicial authority in England
373-374
                  334. Concentration of judicial power
374-375
                  335. Absence of Ministère Public
375-376
               § 2. Rule of Precedent
376-382
                  336. Differences with continental Europe
376-377
                  337. Meaning and scope of the rule
377-378
                  338. Form of English judgments
378-379
                  339. The technique of distinguishing cases
379
                  340. Example drawn from contracts inter absentes
379-381
                  341. Rule of precedent in Equity
381
                  342. Rule of precedent and statute law
381-382
                  343. Publication and citation of decisions
382
               Landauerv. Asser [1905] 2 K.B. 184
382
                  344. Current judicial reports
382
         Section II—Statute Law
383-386
                  345. Traditional theory
383-384
                  346. Present importance of legislation
384-385
                  347. Traditional common law and modern law
385-386
                  348. Citation of statutes
386
         Section III—Custom
386-389
                  349. General immemorial custom
386-387
                  350. Local and commercial custom
387-388
                  351. Real importance of custom
388-389
         Section IV—Legal Writing and Reason
389-391
                  352. Open and closed systems
389-390
                  353. Legal principles
390
                  354. Elements of a rational decision
390-391
         Section V—Conclusions
391-396
                  355. Custom
391-392
                  356. Legislation
392
                  357. Rule of precedent
392-393
                  358. Technique of distinctions
393-394
                  359. Legal writing
394-395
                  360. Reason
395-396
   TITLE II - Law of the United States of America
397-452
                  361. Expansion of English law
397
      Chapter I - History of American Law
398-406
                  362. Historical factors: the rule in Calvin's case
398
                  363. Americian law in the seventeenth century
399-400
                  364. The eighteenth
400
                  365. American Indepence
400-402
                  366. Triumph of the Common law
402-403
                  367. Reasons for differences
403-404
                  368. English influence
404-
                  369. Originality of Americian law
405-406
      Chapter II - Structure of American Law
407-423
                  370. American and English law
407
         Section I—Federal Law and State Law
408-421
                  371. Two-fold problem
408
                  372. Principle of state legistative competence
409
                  373. Breadth and Diversity of State Law
409-410
                  374. Residual state jurisdiction
410-411
                  375. Is there a "United States Common law"?
411-412
                  376. Judiciary Act 1789
412-413
                  377. Doctrine in Swift v. Tyson (1842)
413-414
                  378. Erie Railroad Company v. Tompkins (1938)
414-415
                  379. Real signifiance of this decision
415-416
                  380. Institutional factors
416-417
                  381. Prevailling attitudes of American lawyers
417-418
                  382. Conclusion
418-419
                  383. Legistative authority of Congress
419
                  384. Conflict of laws
419-421
         Section II—Other Structural Differences
421-423
                  385.
421
                  386. Equity in the United States
421-422
                  387. Constitutional and administrative law
422
                  388. Other Subjects
422
                  389. Legal vocabulary
423
      Chapter III - Sources of American Law
424-452
                  390. Originality of American law
424
         Section I—Decisions of the Courts
424-439
                  391. English and American law
424-425
               § 1. Judical Organisation
425-430
                  392. Federal and state courts
425
                  393. Federal courts
425-427
                  394. State courts
427-428
                  395. The jury
428
                  396. Relationship of the two structures
428
                  397. Decentralisation of judicial power
429-430
               § 2. American Legal Profession
430-434
                  398. The legal profession
430
                  399. American law schools
431-432
                  400. American lawyers
432-433
                  401. American judges
433-434
               § 3. The Rule of Stare Decisis
434-439
                  402. Stare decisis and American federal structure
434-435
                  403. Repudiation of precedent
435-436
                  404. Real meaning of stare decicis
436-437
                  405. A systematic staement of the Common law
437-439
         Section II—Statute Law
439-452
                  406. American constitution
439
                  407. Marbury v. Madison (1803)
440-441
                  408. Constitutionality of judicial decisions
441
                  409. The idea of the United States Constitution
442
                  410. Interpretation of the United States Constitution
442-443
                  411. The commerce clause
444-445
                  412. Due process of law
445-446
                  413. Equal protection of the laws
446
                  414. Cruel and unusual punishment
446-447
                  415. Ordinary statutory interpretation
447-448
                  416. Administrative law
448-449
                  417. American codes
449-450
                  418. Desire for uniformity of America law
450-451
                  419. Uniform state laws
451
                  420. Developement of federal law
451-452
PART FOUR - OTHER CONCEPTIONS OF LAW AND THE SOCIAL ORDER
453-576
                  421. Their signifiance
453-454
   TITLE I - Muslim Law
455-483
                  422. The close link between law and religion
455-456
                  423. The law's structure
456
      Chapter I - Immutable Basis of Muslim Law
457-465
                  424. Various sources of law
457
                  425. The Koran and the Sunna
457
                  426. The ijmă'
457-458
                  427. Muslim rites
458-459
                  428. Practical significance of ijmă'
459-460
                  429. The taklid
460-461
                  430. Analogical reasoning
461-462
                  431. Rejection of other sources
462-463
                  432. Characteristics of Muslim law
463
                  433. Comparison with Canon law
463-465
                  434. Inadaptability of fikh to modern society
465
      Chapter II - Adaptation of Muslim Law to the Modern World
466-472
                  435. Permanent authority of Muslim law
466
                  436. Possibilities of adapting to the modern world
466-467
                  437. Recourse to custom
467-468
                  438. The use of contract
468-469
                  439. Legal stratagems fictions
469
                  440. Intervention of authority
470
                  441. Modernist tendency
471-472
      Chapter III - Law of Muslim Countries
473-483
                  442. Muslim law is not applied on an integral basis
473
                  443. Statut personnel and other subjects
474
                  444. Judicial organisation
474-475
                  445. Characteristics of contemorary development
475
                  446. Westernisation of law
475-476
                  447. Codification of statut personnel
476-477
                  448. Decline of traditional courts
478-479
                  449. Diversity of existing laws
479-481
                  450. Muslim law and westrnisation
481-483
   TITLE II - Law of India
484-515
                  451. Definition of Hindu law
484
      Chapter I - Law of the Hindu Community
485-500
                  452. Sastras
485-486
                  453. Dharma
486-487
                  454. Dharmasastras and Nibandhas
487
                  455. Dharma and custom
487-488
                  456. Legistation and judical decisions
488-489
                  457. Modern doctrine
489-490
                  458. Muslim domination
490
                  459. English rule
490-491
                  460. Recourse to the pandits
491-492
                  461. Appeal to other methods
492-493
                  462. Deformation of Hindu law
493-495
                  463. Containment of Hindu law
495
                  464. British legistation in India
496
                  465. Independence
496-498
                  466. Nature of this evoluion
498-499
                  467. Hindu law or law of India?
499-500
                  468. New law and traditional mores
500
      Chapter II - National Law of India
501-515
                  469. Definition of Indian law
501
                  470. Notion of lex loci
501-502
                  471. Lex loci in the "Presidency Towns"
502-503
                  472. Lex loci in the mofussil: first period
503-505
                  473. Second period: codification
505-506
                  474. Reception of English law
506-507
                  475. Originality of Indian law
507-508
                  476. Membership in the common law family
508-510
                  477. Differences compared to English law
510-511
                  478. Indepence: confirmation of previous law
511
                  479. Constitutional law
511-514
                  480. Judicial organisation and rule of precedent
514-515
   TITLE III - Laws of the Far East
516-546
                  481. General remarks
516-517
      Chapter I - Chinese Law
518-533
                  482. Cosmic order and harmony
518-519
                  483. Minor role of law
519-521
                  484. Confucianism: primacy of rites
521
                  485. The legalists
522-523
                  486. Codification
523
                  487. Persistence of traditional ideas
523-524
                  488. Communist China
524
                  489. First years: the Soviet model
525-526
                  490. Marxism-Maoism
526-528
                  491. Rehection of legality
528-529
                  492. New tendencies
529-531
                  493. Legislation, judicial decisions, doctrine
531
                  494. Developement after Mao
531-532
                  495. Chinese concept of international law
532-533
      Chapter II - Japanese Law
534-546
                  496. Historical factors
534-535
                  497. Decadence of the Ritsu-Ryō
536-537
                  498. Absence of the idea of law. The giri
537-538
                  499. Meiji Era: westernisation of Japanese law
538-540
                  500. Westernisation of Japanese
540-541
                  501. Public law
541
                  502. Private law
542-543
                  503. Importance of conciliation
543-545
                  504. Social realities and law. Future of Japanese law
545-546
   TITLE IV - Laws of Africa and Malagasy
547-576
                  505. Outline
547
      Chapter I - Customary Basis of the Law
548-554
                  506. Importance and variety of customs
548-549
                  507. African concept of the social order
549-550
                  508. Procedures
550-551
                  509. Ascertainment of custom
551-552
                  510. Christian and Islamic influences
552-554
                  511. The example of Ethiopia
554
      Chapter II - Colonial Period
555-563
                  512. Colonial attitude
555-556
         Section I—Modern Law
556-560
                  513. Need for new law
556-559
                  514. Limitation of the scope of application of custom
557-559
                  515. Modern African law and families of western law
559-560
         Section II—Traditional Law
560-563
                  516. Evolution of customary law
560-561
                  517. Role of native courts
561-562
                  518. Role of modern law courts
562-563
                  519. Conclusions
563
      Chapter III - The Independent Nations
564-576
                  520. Confirmation of existing law
564-565
                  521. Recovery of traditional values
565-566
                  522. Policy of African leaders
566-568
                  523. Reforms of judicial administration
568-569
                  524. Custom and modern society
569-570
                  525. Codification of African law
570-571
                  526. Continuance of traditional ways of life
571-572
                  527. Primacy of the idea of development
572-573
                  528. Problems in the application of law
573-574
                  529. Danger of European legislation and treaties
574
                  530. Need for co-ordinated efforts
574-576
APPENDIX I - BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
577-609
         Section I—Bibliographical Tools
577-578
         Section II—Comparative Law Reviews
578-580
                        a) In English
577-578
                        b) In French
579
                        c) In German
580
                        d) In Spanish
580
                        e) In Italian
580
         Section III—General Introductory Works on Comparative Law and Foreign Laws
580-587
                        a) In English
580-582
                        b) In French
582-584
                        c) In German
585-586
                        d) In Spanish
586
                        e) In Italian
586
                        f) In several languages
587
         Section IV—Encyclopaedias of Comparative Law
587-589
                     (A) Encyclopaedias
587-588
                     (B) Miscellanies
588-589
         Section V—Romano-Germanic Family
589-595
                     (A) Reviews and Periodicals
589-590
                     (B) Formation and History of Romanist Laws
589-590
                     (C) Laws of Continental Europe (excetp the Nordic Group)
591-592
                     (D) Laws of the Nordic Countries
592-593
                     (E) Laws of Latin America
593-594
                     (F) Canon Law
594
                     (G) "Mixed" Law
594-595
         Section VI—Family of Socialist Laws
595-599
                     (A) Bibliographies
595-596
                     (B) Reviews and Periodicals
596-597
                     (C) General Works
597-599
                        (a) In English
597-598
                        (b) In French
598-599
                        (c) In Spanish
599
                        (d) In German
599
                        (b) In Italian
599
         Section VII—Common Law Family
600-602
                        (a) In English
600
                        (b) In German
600-601
                        (c) In Spanish
601
                        (d) In French
601
                        (e) In Italian
602
         Section VIII—Other Conceptions of Law and the Social Order
602-609
                     (A) In General
602
                     (B) Islamic Law and Muslim Countries
602-603
                     (C) Jewish Law and the Law of Israel
603-604
                     (D) The Law of India
604
                     (E) Laws of the Far East
604-606
                     (F) Laws of Africa and Malagasy (Madagaskar)
606-609
                        (a) Reviews and Periodicals
606
                        (b) In English
606-608
                        (c) In French
608
                        (d) In Italian
609
         Section IX—Unification and Harmonisation of Law
609
APPENDIX II - USEFUL INFORMATION AND REFERENCES
610-613
         Section I—Centres of Comparative Law
610
         Section II—Comparative Law Studies
610-612
         Section III—Comparative Law Libraries
612-613
INDEX
615-624
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