Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C. to A.D. 1000 (2/1) corvina logo

Szerkesztők: Bogucki, Peter; Crabtree, Pam J.
További szerzők: Simmons, I. G.; Bahn, Paul G.; Crabtree, Pam J.; Campana, Douglas V.; Vandkilde, Helle; Ammerman, Albert J.; Gebauer, Anne-Birgitte; Bridge, Martin; Dark, Petra; Bintliff, John; Tykot, Robert H.; Wells, Peter S.; Levy, Janet E.; Chapman, John; Anthony, David W.; Keeley, Lawrence H.; Quick, Russell S.; Sharples, Niall; Bogucki, Peter; Roberts, Neil; Larsson, Lars; Andersen, Søren H; Tolan-Smith, Christopher; Woodman, Peter C.; Mellars, Paul; Zilhão, João; Voytek, Barbara; Bonsall, Clive; Hansen, Julie M.; Zvelebil, Marek; Russell, Nerissa; Runnels, Curtis; Elster, Ernestine S.; Simmons, Alan H.; Budja, Mihael; Barnett, William K.; Rowley-Conwy, Peter; Golitko, Mark; Gronenborn, Detlef; Last, Jonathan; Tresset, Anne; Mercer, Roger; Kooijmans, Leendert P. Louwe; Gebauer, Anne Birgitte; Andersen, Niels H.; Midgley, Magdalena S.; Parkinson, William A.; Bailey, Douglass W.; Peltenburg, Edgar; Lillie, Malcolm; Milisauskas, Sarunas; Schibler, Jörg; Jacomet, Stefanie; Choyke, Alice; Thorpe, I. J. N.; Malone, Caroline; Cassen, Serge; Eogan, George; Besse, Marie; Lillios, Katina T.; Chapman, Robert; Czebreszuk, Janusz
Cím: Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C. to A.D. 1000 (2/1)
Alcím: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World : Volume I. The mesolithic to Copper Age (C. 8000-2000 B.C.)
Megjelenési adatok: Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 2004. | ISBN: 978-0-684-80668-6 / eISBN: 978-0-684-31421-1

coverimage When we were originally approached by Scribners to consider editing this encyclopedia, our motivations for accepting this challenge were identical. We were both keenly aware of the lack of authoritative yet comprehensive information on European archaeology written for the general readership. In particular, we knew that many high school, college, and public libraries have very limited holdings in this area, and we wanted to fill this gap. Although European prehistory stretches back hundreds of thousands of years to the original colonization of the Continent by Homo erectus populations from Africa, we chose to focus this encyclopedia on the period after the retreat of the Ice Age glaciers. These are the critical millennia during which the foundations of later European society known from later historical accounts were established. The Gauls encountered by Caesar, the Celts, the Germans, the Visigoths, and all the other European peoples whom we see hazily through the lens of Classical authors had ancestors whom we know only from archaeology. Moreover, outside the view of the Classical authors, peoples in northern and eastern Europe continued to live prehistoric lives well after written records are available for much of western and southern Europe. The boundary dates for this encyclopedia were chosen deliberately. Although the Ice Age had ended a millennium or more earlier, the postglacial hunting and gathering societies that had become well-established by 8000 B.C. in many parts of Europe define the beginnings of continuous sequences of cultural development. Tracing such long-term patterns of social and economic change is one of the major intellectual contributions of archaeology. Extending our coverage to A.D. 1000 allows us to encompass the societies that followed the Roman domination of western Europe and the peoples of eastern and northern Europe lying outside the Roman frontiers during the first millennium A.D. Around A.D. 1000, institutionalized governments organized on territorial principles were established in eastern Europe and Scandinavia, and the resultant emergence of written records effectively ends prehistory in these areas. In choosing contributors, we invited colleagues who are active researchers and who are among the authorities on their specific regions, topics, and periods. Archaeologists and prehistorians normally write for an audience composed of fellow scholars, so writing for a non-specialist readership can pose a challenge. We would like to commend our contributors for writing such splendid essays that explain what happened between about 8000 B.C. and A.D. 1000 across Europe so clearly and lucidly. Archaeologists are also unusually busy people, and we are grateful that they were able to compose their entries on a very short (in the academic world) schedule. Many of these essays were written by colleagues preparing to depart on excavation projects or having just returned from the field. This encyclopedia is divided into seven sections. The first contains introductory essays on important concepts in archaeology, with specific reference to European prehistory, while the six that follow divide the sequence of cultural developments into major periods: Mesolithic hunters and gatherers, the first Neolithic farmers, developed Late Neolithic farming societies, stratified societies of the Bronze Age, Iron Age towns and trade, and the peoples of the Migration period and Early Middle Ages. Throughout we have included separate articles on key archaeological sites, chosen from among thousands of sites throughout Europe because they are typical for the period being discussed or have particularly informative remains. A glossary provides definitions of key terms, while a detailed index serves as a guide to important topics. Chronological charts and maps in each volume give the reader a way of quickly becoming oriented in time and space. The task of inviting, persuading, cajoling, and hounding all these contributors fell to Alja Collar of Scribners, without whom this encyclopedia would not have been possible. Alja was firmly and resolutely at the helm as she steered this book in only a year from invitation to completion. We are completely indebted to her. We are also grateful to Cindy Clendenon and Shawn Corridor, who helped coordinate the illustrations and maps that are essential elements of this encyclopedia. Sharon Malinowski played an important role in the initial stages of planning and invitation. It is important for us to recognize the role of Kathy Moreau in the initiation of this project. Kathy encouraged us to develop the plan for the encyclopedia and brought us to New York to meet John Fitzpatrick, senior editor at Charles Scribner's Sons. The enthusiasm of Kathy and John for this project led us to move quickly to develop the list of topics and contributors. Since we both have demanding professional responsibilities at our respective institutions, much of the time that we devoted to this encyclopedia was extracted from our family lives. Our spouses, Doug Campana and Virginia Bogucki, were generously understanding, as were our children Mike, Tom, and Robert Campana and Caroline and Marianna Bogucki. Finally, it is our understanding that Bernard Wailes, professor emeritus of anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania, played a key role in pointing Kathy Moreau in our direction. Bernard played a key role in both of our careers in archaeology, not only by transferring to us some small part of his encyclopedic knowledge but also by instilling in us a passion for studying ancient Europe. We would like this encyclopedia to honor our teacher, mentor, colleague, and friend, Bernard Wailes.

Védett tartalom, csak terminálról érhető el.

Tartalomjegyzék

Book Cover
Half Title Page
Title Page - Volume I. The Mesolithic to Copper Age (c. 8000-2000 B.C.)
Copyright Page
Editorial and Production Staff
Contents
vii-xiii
Maps
xv-xvi
Preface
xvii-xviii
Maps of Ancient Europe, 8000 - 2000 B.C.
xix
   Northwestern Europe and the British Isles, 8000 - 2000 B.C.
xx
   Northern Europe, 8000 - 2000 B.C.
xxi
   Southwestern Europe and Western Mediterranean, 8000 - 2000 B.C.
xxii
   Italy Southeastern Europe and the Aegean, 8000 - 2000 B.C.
xxiii
   Eastern Europe, 8000 - 2000 B.C.
xxiv
Chronology of Ancient Europe, 8000 - 1000 B.C.
xxv-xxvii
Contributors
xxix-xxxiv
1. DISCOVERING BARBARIAN EUROPE
[2]-120
   Introduction
3-6
   Humans and Environments
7-13
   The Origins and Growth of European Prehistory
14-21
   The Nature of Archaeological Data
22-28
      Tollund Man
26-28
   Survey and Excavation
29-39
      Saltbæk Vig
36-39
   Dating and Chronology
40-46
   Archaeology and Environment
47-54
   Settlement Patterns and Landscapes
55-64
   Trade and Exchange
65-71
   Status and Wealth
72-80
         Hochdorf
79-80
   Gender
81-89
   Ritual and Ideology
90-100
      Hjortspring
99-100
   Archaeology and Language
101-109
   Warfare and Conquest
110-120
      Maiden Castle
118-120
2. POSTGLACIAL FORAGERS, 8000-4000 B.C.
[122]-198
   Introduction
123-125
   Postglacial Environmental Transformation
126-131
   The Mesolithic of Northern Europe
132-143
      Skateholm
140-141
      Tybrind Vig
141-143
   The Mesolithic of Northwest Europe
144-156
      Mount Sandel
151-153
      Star Carr
153-156
   The Mesolithic of Iberia
157-166
      Muge Shell Middens
164-166
   The Mesolithic of Upland Central and Southern Europe
167-182
      Iron Gates Mesolithic
175-179
      Franchthi Cave
179-182
   The Mesolithic of Eastern Europe
183-198
      Oleneostrovskii Mogilnik
192-198
3. TRANSITION TO AGRICULTURE, 7000-4000 B.C.
[200]-310
   Introduction
201-203
   Crops of the Early Farmers
204-210
   Livestock of the Early Farmers
211-217
   First Farmers of Europe
218-232
      Achilleion
226-229
      Last Hunters and First Farmers on Cyprus
229-232
   Transition to Farming in the Balkans
233-247
      Obre
240-242
      The Farming Frontier on the Southern Steppes
242-247
   Spread of Agriculture Westward Across the Mediterranean
248-258
      Arene Candide
253-255
      Caldeirão Cave
255-258
   First Farmers of Central Europe
259-272
      Bruchenbrücken
266-269
      Bylany
269-272
   Beginnings of Farming in Northwestern Europe
273-292
      Neolithic Sites of the Orkney Islands
281-283
      Hambledon Hill
283-286
      Transition to Farming Along the Lower Rhine and Meuse
286-292
   Transition to Agriculture in Northern Europe
293-310
      Sarup
301-304
      Long Barrow Cemeteries in Neolithic Europe
304-310
4. CONSEQUENCES OF AGRICULTURE, 5000-2000 B.C.
[312]-485
   Introduction
313-316
   Early Metallurgy in Southeastern Europe
317-324
      Early Copper Mines at Rudna Glava and Ai Bunar
322-324
   Milk, Wool, and Traction: Secondary Animal Products
325-333
   Late Neolithic / Copper Age Southeastern Europe
334-346
      Varna
341-344
      Ovcharovo
344-346
   Copper Age Cyprus
347-353
   Late Neolithic / Copper Age Eastern Europe
354-370
      Domestication of the Horse
363-368
      Kolomischiina
368-370
   Late Neolithic / Copper Age Central Europe
371-384
      Brześć Kujawski
378-382
      Rondels of the Carpathians
382-384
   Neolithic Lake Dwellings in the Alpine Region
385-397
      The Iceman
392-395
      Arbon-Bleiche 3
395-397
   The Megalithic World
398-419
      Avebury
406-408
      Barnenez
408-413
      Boyne Valley Passage Graves
413-415
      Trackways and Boats
415-419
   Consequences of Farming in Southern Scandinavia
420-430
   Pitted Ware and Related Cultures of Neolithic Northern Europe
431-438
      Ajvide
435-438
   Late Neolithic Italy and Southern France
439-455
      Sion-Petit Chasseur
446-450
      The Neolithic Temples of Malta
450-455
   Late Neolithic / Copper Age Iberia
456-466
      Los Millares
464-466
   Corded Ware from East to West
467-475
   Bell Beakers from West to East
476-485
Other back matter
[486]-
   Europe
[486]
   Tollund Man
[487]
                        Hochdorf
[488]
   Hjortspring
[488]
   The Mesolithic of Northern Europe
[489]
   Arene Candide
[490]
   Neolithic Sites of the Orkney Islands
[490]
   Copper Age Cyprus
[491]
   The Iceman
[492]
   Boyne Valley Passage Graves
[493]
   Trackways and Boats
[493]
   Bell Beakers from West to East 1-2
[494]
   Corded Ware from East to West
[494]